PLEASE LABEL THIS FIRST SET OF QUESTIONS AS LECREC18 Introduction to Hormones & the Endocrine System: 1. Explain in words or make a table to compare and contrast the nervous system and endocrine system. 2. What allows the target tissue and not just any cell to respond to a specific hormone? 3. Explain in words or make a flow chart to show how hormone plasma concentration is controlled. Include the following terms and definitions if applicable: mechanisms for regulating the secretion of hormones (negative feedback control, neuroendocrine reflexes, diurnal/circadian rhythms) and mechanisms of hormone removal (by target tissue and/or inactivation by the liver) 4. Explain in words or make a flow chart or outline to compare and contrast the different chemical classifications of hormones (peptide/protein (examples?), amines (catecholamines (examples?) & thyroid hormone), steroids (corticoids (examples?) and sex steroids (examples?)) in terms of their properties/characteristic (e.g. polar vs. nonpolar, hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic?), how they are transported (free or bound to transport protein?), where their receptor is located (surface of or within the target cell?). Hypothalamus and Pituitary: 5. Explain in words or draw a diagram to illustrate the differences between the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary vs. the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. [What type of connection (neural or endocrine?) exists between the hypothalamus and each, and thus the method of regulation of each by the hypothalamus? Where are hormones produced for the anterior vs. posterior pituitary?] 6. Make a flow chart, diagram or table to show the hormones released by the posterior pituitary (ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin), what stimulates the release of each hormone and what is the action of each hormone? 7. Many of the hormones released by the anterior pituitary have trophic effects on other endocrine glands. What is meant by trophic effects? 8. Review the regulation of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-target tissue: a. What are the 6 hormones released by the hypothalamus and which anterior pituitary hormone(s) do they inhibit or promote the release of? b. What are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary (FSH, LH, ACTH , TSH, PRL, GH (acronym: “FLAT PG”) Growth hormone 9. Create a flow chart or a diagram to show the regulation of and effects of growth hormone. Include all relevant glands and hormones and responses. Thyroid: 10. Create a flow chart or a diagram to show the regulation of and effects of the thyroid hormone. Include all relevant glands, hormones, and responses. 11. What is hypothyroidism, what are some of the possible causes, what are some of its symptoms, and what is a goiter? 12. What is hyperthyroidism and what are some of its symptoms? Adrenal gland: 13. Draw a diagram or flowchart (or multiple separate diagrams) to learn all about the adrenal gland: a. the structure of the adrenal gland (Where is the adrenal medulla located in relation to the adrenal cortex?) b. the hormones released by the adrenal cortex (aldosterone, cortisol, weak androgens (sex hormones/sex steroids), the regulation of their secretion and the roles/functions/actions of each hormone c. the hormones released by the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine), the regulation of their secretion and their roles/functions/actions 14. What hormones are involved with the stress response and why is chronic stress bad for you based on the functions of these hormones? Pineal gland: 15. Where is the pineal gland located and what hormone does it release? 16. What are the possible functions of the hormone produced by the pineal gland and how is it’s release regulated? Other hormones & glands: Note: You should know that the adrenal cortex releases cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, and know the function of each. For the other tissues/glands, you will only need to know the hormones/functions of the other endocrine glands/tissues if they are discussed in a later lecture). PLEASE LABEL THIS SET OF QUESTIONS AS LECREV19 Vitamins & Minerals: 1. What’s the difference between vitamins and minerals? Regulation of calcium and phosphate: 2. What are the functions of calcium in the body?  Know that the bone formation (deposition) and resorption, intestinal absorption, reabsorption/excretion by the kidney affect calcium and phosphate levels.  Know that bone is dynamic and contains calcium phosphate crystals and serves as a source of calcium and phosphate. 3. Draw a concept map to synthesize the information regarding calcium and phosphate regulation. Include all relevant glands, tissues, organs, and hormones (PTH, the active form of vitamin D, and calcitonin), and the action of each hormone and the specific target tissues. 4. What is the role of estrogen with regard to bone growth and health, and why do women have an increased risk of osteoporosis after menopause? Metabolism, Hunger and Eating Behavior 5. What is meant by metabolic rate and what influences our metabolic rate? 6. Explain body weight homeostasis. Include what happens if it caloric intake exceeds usage versus if caloric intake is below calories used. Explain why is it often difficult to lose or gain weight. Based on the Biggest Loser aftermath study, what are the potential term effects and implications of extreme dieting and exercise? 7. What is the major control center for hunger and eating behavior? 8. Make a table or concept map to help you learn which organs produce which hormones to influence the hunger/eating behavior center. Include whether the hormones suppress hunger (promote satiety) or promote hunger. Hormonal regulation of metabolism: 9. Make a table or flashcards or concept map to learn the definitions and examples of primary energy reserves, secondary energy reserves, circulating energy substrates, absorptive (fed) state, post-abortive (fasting state). 10. Why is protein not a primary energy reserve? 11. Make flashcards, a table or concept map to organize and define (break down or building of what molecule from or to form what molecule?) the following terms, to show their relationship to fed vs. fasting state, to link the term to the organ/tissue (liver, adipose or muscle) where the they occur; and to show how each affect the level of the relevant energy substrate in the blood:  glycogenesis,  lipogenesis,  protein synthesis,  glycogenolysis,  lipogenolysis,  protein degradation,  gluconeogenesis, and  ketogenesis Pancreas: Insulin & Glucagon 12. Draw a diagram/flowchart/or explain in words the regulation of and effects/actions of insulin. Include the stimulus (what triggers the release?), the gland and specific cell type of that gland (alpha vs. beta cells) for each, the target tissues, and actions (specific metabolic reactions? uptake or release of molecules?) on which target tissue, and the overall effect on plasma glucose levels and levels of other energy substrates. Know that insulin is an anabolic hormone. 13. Draw a diagram/flowchart/or explain in words the regulation of and effects/actions of glucagon. Include the stimulus (what triggers the release?), the gland and specific cell type of that gland (alpha vs. beta cells) for each, the target tissues, and actions (specific metabolic reactions? uptake or release of molecules?) on which target tissue, and the overall effect on plasma glucose levels and levels of other energy substrates. 14. Define diabetes mellitus (is it associated with hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia?), and create a table (or describe in words) to compare and contract type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes in terms of cause and treatment. 15. Why is hyperglycemia a problem? 16. Define hypoglycemia and explain why it is a problem, and some causes of it. Other hormones 17. For epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol, thyroxine, growth hormone make a table/concept map or explain in words to include the following: What triggers their release of each? From where is each released? and What are the metabolic effects of each?  Know that growth hormone has an indirect effect on bone growth.