Week 8 Assignment: ADHD Study Guide for Nursing Care
Introduction
Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 8–10% of children worldwide and about 2–5% of adults. Nurses play a crucial role in assessment, care planning, medication management, behavioral interventions, and family education. Understanding ADHD is essential for providing holistic, evidence‑based care.
1. Pathophysiology of ADHD
Neurobiological basis: Dysregulation of dopamine and norepinephrine pathways in the prefrontal cortex.
Genetic factors: Strong heritability; family history increases risk.
Environmental influences: Prenatal exposure to toxins, low birth weight, early childhood adversity.
Brain imaging findings: Reduced activity in frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
2. Clinical Presentations
ADHD is classified into three main types:
Inattentive type: Difficulty sustaining attention, forgetfulness, disorganization.
Hyperactive‑impulsive type: Fidgeting, restlessness, impulsive decisions.
Combined type: Features of both inattention and hyperactivity.
Symptoms typically appear before age 12 and must persist for at least six months across multiple settings (school, home, social).
3. Nursing Assessment
History taking: Developmental milestones, family history, school performance.
Behavioral observations: Attention span, impulsivity, social interactions.
Screening tools: Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale, Conners’ Rating Scale.
Comorbidities: Anxiety, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, learning disabilities.
Impact assessment: Academic performance, peer relationships, family stress.
4. Nursing Diagnoses
Common nursing diagnoses for ADHD include:
Impaired social interaction related to impulsivity.
Risk for injury related to hyperactivity.
Ineffective coping related to chronic frustration.
Deficient knowledge (family/patient) regarding ADHD management.
Low self‑esteem related to repeated academic failures.
5. Nursing Interventions
Behavioral Strategies
Establish structured routines.
Use positive reinforcement for desired behaviors.
Break tasks into smaller steps.
Provide frequent breaks during activities.
Educational Support
Collaborate with teachers for individualized education plans (IEPs).
Encourage use of organizational tools (planners, timers).
Provide quiet, distraction‑free environments for study.
Family Education
Teach parents about ADHD symptoms and management.
Encourage consistent discipline strategies.
Provide resources for support groups.
Safety Measures
Monitor for impulsive behaviors that may cause injury.
Educate families on supervision needs.
6. Pharmacological Management
Stimulants: Methylphenidate, amphetamines (first‑line therapy).
Non‑stimulants: Atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine.
Nursing role:
Monitor side effects (insomnia, appetite suppression, cardiovascular effects).
Educate families about adherence and safe storage.
Assess therapeutic response regularly.
7. Psychosocial Considerations
Children with ADHD often face stigma and bullying.
Families may experience stress, guilt, or conflict.
Nurses should provide emotional support and counseling referrals.
Encourage peer support groups for adolescents and parents.
8. Long‑Term Outcomes
Untreated ADHD can lead to academic failure, substance abuse, and poor occupational outcomes.
Early intervention improves prognosis.
Adults with ADHD may struggle with time management, organization, and maintaining employment.
Nurses should emphasize lifelong coping strategies.
9. Case Study Example
Patient: 9‑year‑old boy with hyperactivity and poor school performance.
Assessment: Difficulty focusing, frequent classroom disruptions, low grades.
Interventions: Initiated behavioral therapy, structured home routines, stimulant medication.
Outcome: Improved classroom behavior, better peer relationships, enhanced self‑esteem.
10. Summary of Nursing Priorities
Accurate assessment and diagnosis.
Individualized care planning.
Medication monitoring and education.
Behavioral and educational support.
Family involvement and empowerment.
Long‑term follow‑up and advocacy.
Quiz: ADHD Nursing Care (15 Questions)
Multiple Choice
Which neurotransmitters are primarily implicated in ADHD?
a) Serotonin & GABA
b) Dopamine & Norepinephrine
c) Acetylcholine & Glutamate
d) Histamine & Serotonin
The inattentive type of ADHD is characterized by:
a) Excessive talking
b) Difficulty sustaining attention
c) Risk‑taking behaviors
d) Aggression
Which tool is commonly used for ADHD screening in children?
a) PHQ‑9
b) Vanderbilt Rating Scale
c) MMSE
d) Beck Depression Inventory
A common side effect of stimulant medication is:
a) Weight gain
b) Increased appetite
c) Insomnia
d) Bradycardia
Which nursing diagnosis is most relevant for impulsive behavior?
a) Risk for injury
b) Deficient knowledge
c) Impaired mobility
d) Chronic pain
True/False
ADHD symptoms must appear before age 12. (True/False)
Atomoxetine is a stimulant medication. (True/False)
ADHD affects only children and resolves in adulthood. (True/False)
Nurses should encourage structured routines for children with ADHD. (True/False)
Family education is not a nursing priority in ADHD care. (True/False)
Short Answer
List two common comorbidities associated with ADHD.
Name one non‑pharmacological intervention nurses can use to support children with ADHD.
What is the nurse’s role in monitoring stimulant medication?
Describe one long‑term risk of untreated ADHD.
Provide one example of a family education strategy for ADHD management.
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