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APA 6th ed. Quick Referencing Guide
N.B. When quoting or paraphrasing from any material (e.g. book, website, journal etc.), the source can be cited as part of the sentence or at the end of the
sentence (refer to pages 17-18 of the full guide). Examples of both types of citations are given for books only. Also note that the rules for a single author or
multiple authors are used in a similar way for different types of resources.
| Books & e-books | In-text example | Reference list example |
| One work by a single author |
The purpose of an assignment is clear from the start (Morley Worner, 2009, p. 11). or Morley-Worner (2009, p. 11) believed. . . |
Morley-Worner, T. (2009). Academic writing is . . . A guide to writing in a university context. Queensland, Australia: CREA. Only capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, and proper nouns. |
| One work by two authors | Use an ampersand (&) within the parentheses or ‘and’ when giving the authors’ names in the text. Crosby and Salazar (2006, p. 40) suggested . . . or . . . (Crosby & Salazar, 2006, Chapter 3). |
Crosby, R., & Salazar, L. (2006). Research methods in health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Note the comma used before ‘&’. Also, page is abbreviated but not Chapter. For books published outside the US, include city and country (e.g. Melbourne, Australia). |
| Three to five authors | First citation: use all authors’ names. Reinders, Moore, and Lewis (2008, p. 175) stated . . . NB: a comma is used before the ‘and’ in lists of three or more authors. Second and subsequent citations: include only the name of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’). A recent publication (Reinders et al., 2008, p. 175) claimed . . . |
Reinders, H., Moore, N., & Lewis, M. (2008). The international student handbook. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan. All authors’ names are to be provided in the order in which they appear in that particular publication. Do not rearrange them alphabetically. |
| Six or seven authors | Cite only the surname of the first author and ‘et al.’ for all citations. Bexby et al. (2005, p. 100) identified . . . or Referencing is . . . (Bexby et al., 2005, p. 100). |
Provide all names in the reference list. Bexby, C., Nigel, E., Smith, K., Rodgers, G.A., Williams, H., & Robinson, J. (2005). Referencing and plagiarism: A complete guide. London, United Kingdom: Sage. |
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| Eight or more authors | Cite only the surname of the first author and ‘et al.’ for all citations. Leggat et al. (2009, p. 25) stated . . . or . . . for effective learning (Leggat et al., 2009, p. 25). |
Include the first six authors’ names, followed by three dots, then the last author’s name. Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to maximise the use of libraries in educational institutions. St Albans, Australia: Victoria University Press. |
| Sponsoring organisation as author (e.g. corporations, associations, government agencies) |
The names of groups are usually spelled out (not abbreviated) each time they appear in a text citation. If the name is long and an abbreviation is readily understandable, you may abbreviate the second and subsequent citations. First citation: The World Health Organization (WHO, 2005) stated . . . or . . . in the world (World Health Organization [WHO], 2005). Subsequent citations: According to the WHO (2005), . . . or . . . in Asia (WHO, 2005). Similarly for the first citation: . . . (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2004) |
World Health Organization. (2005). Hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. Hong Kong, China: Author. Provide the full name of the organization in the reference list. If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2004). Australian Social Trends, cat. no. 4102.0. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/socialtrends For general web pages no catalogue number is required, but for particular publications it is, if available. |
| No author (and no sponsoring organisation) |
Use the first few words of the title (or the entire title if it is short) in place of an author name. Do not use anonymous. NB: the title is italicised in text. “Echinacea consists of the dried underground parts of . . .” (British Herbal Pharmacopeia Part 1, 1976, p. 73). or In the British Herbal Pharmacopeia Part 1 (1976, p. 73) it was claimed that . . . Capitalise the major words in titles of books when used within the body of your essay. |
British herbal pharmacopeia Part 1. (1976). West York, United Kingdom: British Herbal Medicine Association. The title is moved to the author position (first element of the reference). Only capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, and proper nouns. |
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| Place of publication | Crosby and Salazar (2006, pp. 34-50) suggested. . . or . . . (Porter, 1986, p. 99). |
Crosby, R., & Salazar, L. (2006). Research methods in health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. !! For books published in the US, include the city and 2-letter state code (e.g. San Francisco, CA). Refer to section 6.0 for a list of US state codes. Porter, J. F. (Ed.). (1986). The control of human fertility (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Blackwell Scientific. !! For books published outside the US, include city and country (e.g. Melbourne, Australia) – see page 23 |
| No publisher | Celloids are in accordance with the principles of homoeopathy (Jacka, 1998, p.3). |
Jacka, A. (1998). Alfred Jacka’s prescribing strategies. Victoria, Australia. |
| Editions (second and subsequent) *an edition number is not necessary for first editions |
Studies in history . . . (Carr, 2008, p. 13). | Carr, E. H. (2008). What is history? (3rd ed.). Camberwell, Australia: Penguin Group. (ed.) is used to denote edition. Note that the edition number is not italicised as it is not part of the title. |
| Chapter in an edited book | Include all authors in the order they appear in the chapter. Anti-inflammatory plant constituents have shown . . . (Polya, Polya, & Kweifio-Okai, 2002, pp. 1-5). |
Italicise the title of the book (not the title of the chapter). Polya, G. M., Polya, Z., & Kweifio-Okai, G. (2002). Biochemical pharmacology of anti-inflammatory plant secondary metabolites. In D. K. Majumdar, J. N. Govil, & V. K. Singh, (Eds.), Series recent progressing medicinal plants, Vol 8 – Phytochemistry & pharmacology II (pp. 1-22). USA: Stadium. NB: the authors of the chapter are written as ‘Author, A. A’. The editors are written ‘A. A. Author’. If the book is not the first edition, mention the edition number as follows: Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport: Contemporary issues. In C. Collins & S. Jackson (Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd ed., pp. 307-334). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson. |
| Editor single | . . . (Porter, 1986, p. 99). | Porter, J. F. (Ed.). (1986). The control of human fertility (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Blackwell Scientific. Ed. is used to denote editor, ed. is used for edition. |
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| Editors two or three | . . . (Cauchi, Gilbert, & Brown, 1984, p. 44). | Cauchi, M. N., Gilbert, G. L., & Brown, J. B. (Eds.). (1984). The clinical pathology of pregnancy and the newborn infant. London, United Kingdom: Edward Arnold. Eds. is used to denote editors, and here the reference is to the whole book, not a particular chapter. |
| Editors four or more | If there are more than three editors you only need to put the first editor’s name followed by et al. which means and others. Skeletal muscle is defined as . . . (Sambrook et al., 2001, p. 19). |
Sambrook, P., Schrieber, L., Taylor, T., & Ellis, A. (Eds.). (2001). The musculoskeletal system. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone. Eds. is used to denote editors. The above refers to the whole book. All editors’ names are to be provided in the citation in the order they appear in the publication. |
| e-book (without DOI) | . . . (Rich, 2011, p. 85). | Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from http://safaribooksonline.com |
| e-book (with DOI) | . . . (Hill, 2011, p. 26). | Hill, C. E. (Ed.). (2001). The helping skills: The empirical foundation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/10412-000 |
| e-book (no page numbers) |
For short documents, count the paragraph number from the start of the document . . . (Smith, 2014, para. 3). For longer documents, use the heading plus a paragraph number within that section . . . (Jones, 2015, Discussion section, para. 3). For long headings, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks . . . (Wentworth, 1999, “Mandatory police checks”, para. 3). |
See examples above. |
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| Dictionaries (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Dictionary (print – no author) | As quoted “. . . ” (Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English dictionary, 1999, p. 78) . . . Italicise the title of the dictionary. |
Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English dictionary. (1999). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. |
| Dictionary (print – with author/editor) |
Blood pressure is defined as “. . .” (Weller, 2009, p. 85). | Weller, B. care workers F. (Ed.). (2009). (25th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier. Balliere’s nurses dictionary: For nurses and health |
| Dictionary (online) | . . . (Cambridge dictionaries online, 2011). | Cambridge dictionaries online. (2011). Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ |
| Specific entry in an online dictionary, no author or editor |
Heuristic is defined as “. . . .” (Heuristic, n.d.). | Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic |
| Magazines (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Magazine article – print | . . . (Chamberlin, 2008, p. 26). | Chamberlin, J. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29. Include year, month (and day if applicable) |
| Magazine article – online | . . . (Hurley, 2013, para. 4). | Hurley, B. (2013, November). Crowdsourced design growing full steam as DesignCrowd clocks $10m in projects. Business Review Weekly. Retrieved from http://www.brw.com.au/p/entrepreneurs/crowdsourced_design_ growing_full_O0EIAAcOfReIg57LSnaARN |
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| Pamphlet/brochure (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Pamphlet/brochure – print | Case studies have shown . . . (BioResearch, 2007, p. 9). | BioResearch. (2007). Getting started with bioresearch homoeopathic complexes [Pamphlet]. Queensland, Australia: BioResearch. |
| Pamphlet/brochure – online |
Asthma prevention is . . . (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006, para. 3). |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). You can control your asthma [Pamphlet]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/pdfs/asthma_brochure.pdf |
| Newspapers (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Newspaper article (with author) |
. . . (Burstin, 2005, p. 38). | Burstin, F. (2005, April 29). Seasons’ disorders. Herald Sun, p. 38. Remember to include the year, month day. Italicise the name of the newspaper, not the article title. |
| Newspaper article (no author) |
Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks . . . (“Dexus to net”, 2016, p. 35). |
Dexus to net $664.5m for two properties. (2016, August 8). The Age, p. 35. |
| Online Newspaper article | . . . (Davies, 1996). | Davies, P. (1996, June 18). Key mistake stopped MFP. The Australian. Retrieved from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/ For an online article, give the URL for the home page only (because more specific web addresses may change or become inactive). |
| Theses (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Thesis – print | Conclusions drawn about critical thinking . . . (Christianson, 2007, p. 59). |
Christianson, R. (2007). A study of the academic skills profession in Sloten. (Master’s Thesis). The University of Weesp, Brussels, Belgium. |
| Thesis – online | Mann (2010, p. 3) identified . . . | Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in sport (Doctoral dissertation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704 |
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| Conference proceedings |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Conference paper – print | . . . (Prayag & Ramjee, 2009). | Prayag, I. L., & Ramjee, R. (2009). The impact of Newcastle disease control on smallholder poultry production in Mauritius. In R. G. Alsers, P. B. Spadbrow, & M. P. Young (Eds.), Village chickens, poverty alleviation and the sustainable control of Newcastle disease: Proceedings of an international conference held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005 (pp. 132-134). Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. |
| Conference paper – retrieved online |
. . . (Willis, 1996). | Willis, S. (1996). Interface to interact: Technologies and techniques. Paper presented at the Australian Computers in Education Conference, Canberra, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.spirit.com.au/ACE96/papers/canberra.htm |
| Journals (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Journal article – print (= hard-copy) (with author) |
There are a number of websites available for herbalists . . . (Wilkinson, 1996, p. 36). |
Wilkinson, J. (1996). The internet as a research and information tool for herbal medicine. British Journal of Phytotherapy, 6(2), 34-45. You only give a volume number and issue number if there is one (some journals will only have a volume number, some may have an issue number only and some may have the season recorded, or they may be in combination). All volume and or issue details are to be provided in the reference list as they appear in the publication. ! Journal article titles are in sentence case. The name of the journal is capitalised and italicised. Issue (NOT italics) Volume (italics) |
| Journal article – print (no author) |
The growth of genetics in the future . . . (“Transplantation into the next century”, 1999, p. 1004). Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks. |
Transplantation into the next century: Genetic engineering and xenotransplantation. (1999). Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 26(12), 53-64. |
| Online journal – Full text with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) |
. . . (Herbst-Damm & Kulik, 2005, p. 226). | Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24(2), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 Note DOI is written in lower case. |
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| Online journal – Full text without a DOI (when DOI is not available) |
This responsibility is heightened when . . . (Marsh & Campion, 2018, p. 215). |
Marsh, J. D. & Campion, J. (2018). Academic integrity and referencing: Whose responsibility is it? Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 12(1), 212-217. Retrieved from http://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/546/299 Add the ‘Retrieved from’ plus URL when the DOI is not available. |
| Online journal – Abstract only with a DOI Note: Abstracts only are generally not accepted. |
. . . (Brockerhoff et al., 2008, Abstract). This reference is for an original abstract. |
If the article referred to is only cited as an abstract this must be stated: Brockerhoff, E. G., Jactel, H., Parrotta, J. A., Quine, C. P., & Sayer, J. (2008). Plantation forests and biodiversity: Oxymoron or opportunity? [Abstract]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 925-951. https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x |
| Online journal – Abstract only without a DOI Note: Abstracts only are generally not accepted. |
Scutellaria lateriflora reduced sleep latency in health individuals . . . (Wolfsen & Hoffman, 2003, Abstract). This reference is for a secondary abstract. |
If the article referred to is only cited as an abstract this must be stated: Wolfsen, P., & Hoffman, D. (2003). An investigation into the efficacy of Scutellaria lateriflora in healthy volunteers. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 9(2). Abstract retrieved from http://www.alternative therapies.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/archives.main |
| Journal article that appears online before print publication |
Adult marine lungs have shown airway remodelling due to IL-1 (beta) (Lappalainen et al., 2005, p. 132). Note: all 4 authors’ surnames need to be mentioned when citing first time. See ‘Three or more authors’ for more information. |
Lappalainen, U., Whitsett, J., Tichelaar, J., & Bry, K. (2005). IL-1 (beta) causes pulmonary inflammation, emphysema and airway remodelling in the adult marine lung. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. Advance online publication. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlmnih.gov/pubmed/15668323 If available, use DOI number instead of URL. |
| Web pages | In-text Example | Reference list example |
| Web page -with author Note: example is a pdf |
As Fitch (2005) claimed . . . | Fitch, P. (2005). Recovering body and soul from post-traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved from https://pamelafitch-rmt.com/docs/soul.pdf |
| Web page (corporate/government author or sponsoring body) |
. . . (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018). |
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). 33401.0 – Overseas arrivals and departures, Australia, Mar 2019. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/C5717BACF2EA231ACA25751A0019DBB7?OpenDocument |
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| Web page (no author or sponsoring body) |
Huge numbers of women around the world now use thermography (“Complementary and Ecological Medicine [CEM]”, 2007). Use quotation marks for the title (for long titles, include the first few words only). |
Complementary and ecological medicine. (2007). Retrieved from www.healthyconcept.com Start the reference with the title of the webpage, in italics. Note the capitals used in the text but not in the reference list. |
| Web page (no date) | According to the Australian Institute of Sport (n.d.). . . |
Australian Institute of Sport. (n.d.). Australian Sports Commission. Retrieved from www.ausport.gov.au/ais/ If no date is available, write n.d. in the parentheses. |
| Web page in general (not used as evidence for an argument) |
Youtube (www.youtube.com) is one of the most popular websites in the world. |
If referring to a website in general (rather than specific information), give only the URL in the text the first time you mention it. You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. |
| Blog Post | Paraphrase: The issue of sustainability in architecture . . . (katzsj, 2009). Use the screen name for the author of a post if the author has adopted one. Direct quote in text e.g.: “The vast majority of us have perfectly robust immune systems, and the notion that having a busy, modern lifestyle can compromise the immune system is greatly overblown” (Newsome, 2011). |
katzsj (2009, February 11). Water bottles as a design tool [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://katzsj.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/waterbottles-as-a-design-tool/ Newsome, B. (2011, March 10). Immune to science [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/blogs/scepticscience/immune-to-science-20110309-1bn9m.html The name of the blog itself is not part of the reference, although you can often see it in the URL. The title is not italicised. |
| Blog comment | . . . (glamazon, 2015). | For a response to a post, use “Re:” followed by the title of the blog post. Also use the label [Blog comment]. glamazon. (2015, October 23). Re: Cambodia – The tourist [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.bigwordsblog.com/cambodia-the-tourist/#li-comment-52388 Use the URL of the comment itself. To find this, click on the date stamp. |
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| Wikis (including Wikipedia) |
. . . (“Physiology”, 2016). NB. Academic writing should reference peer-reviewed or scholarly work. Wikipedia is generally not considered suitable for academic writing. |
Physiology. (2016, August 12). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 16, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology Include retrieval date as the content can change over time. Wikipedia is italicised because it is the name of the reference work. |
| Social media | In-text example | Reference list example |
| Facebook status – individual author |
Obama has confirmed that addressing climate change is a priority . . . (2016). |
Obama, B. [Barack]. (2016, August 13). The Clean Power Plan is a significant step in combating climate change – and we need to keep moving forward [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/photos /a.53081056748.66806.6815841748/10154073260291749/?type=3&theater Provide the author’s name and initials in inverted format (Author, A. A.). Then write the given name in square brackets. The title is the content of the post (up to the first 40 words). This is not italicised. Provide a precise URL – click on the post’s date stamp to access the URL. |
| Facebook status – group author |
Polio has recently resurfaced in Nigeria (World Health Organization, 2016). . . |
World Health Organization. (2016, August 12). We are deeply saddened by the news that 2 Nigerian children have been paralysed by polio. The Government of Nigeria has made significant strides to stop this paralysing disease in recent years. The overriding priority now is to rapidly immunize [Facebook post]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/WHO/posts/1193450940700287 |
| . . . (APA Style, 2018) | APA Style [@officialapastyle]. (2018, December 5). Welcome to the official Instagram for #APAStyle! We’re here to help you with your APA Style questions [Instagram photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/Bq-A-dvBLiH/ |
|
| Twitter – individual author |
President Obama announced the launch of the American Graduation Initiative (Obama, 2008). |
Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2008, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Tweet]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366 Include Author, A.A. and then the screen name in square brackets. |
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| Twitter – group author | . . . (Melbourne University, 2016). | Melbourne University [unimelb]. (2016, August 15). Liver cancer rates have tripled. Hepatitis C researchers urge: Get tested, get treated http://newsroom.melbourne.edu/news/get-tested-get-treated-hep-c researchers-urge … [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/unimelb/status/765017668122386432 |
| Linked in | . . . (Schiller Palmisano, 2012). | Schiller Palmisano, N. (n.d.). In LinkedIn [Profile page]. Retrieved July 12, 2012, from http://www.linkedin.com/profile/edit?trk=hb_tab_pro_top It is not possible to tell what date a LinkedIn profile was published, so only the retrieval date is included. |
| Social media video | . . . (World Health Organization, 2016). | World Health Organization. (2016, August 13). Question and answer on polio [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/WHO/?fref=nf Italicise the title of the video. |
| Social media image or graphic – with caption |
. . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). The photographer can be acknowledged in the text e.g. Michael Nichols photographed the sunrise . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). |
National Geographic Magazine. (2016, August 3). Today’s top shot: The sun rises over the Merced River, which famously courses through Yosemite National Park and the Yosemite Valley. http://on.natgeo.com/2b05fuS [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/NGM/photos/a.406883368335.198383.72996268335/ 10154432737933336/?type=3&theater Use up to the first 40 words of the caption as the title. Do not italicise the title. |
| Social media image or graphic – without caption |
. . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). The photographer can be acknowledged in the text e.g. Charlie Hamilton James photographed . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). |
National Geographic Magazine. (2016, May 18). [Young ocelot looks startled] [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/NGM/photos/a.10150779166933336.469045. 72996268335/10154237159743336/?type=3&theater If the image contains no caption, provide a description of the item in square brackets. |
| Social media – photo album |
. . . (Time, 2014). | Time. (2014, May 1). Time 100 Gala 2014 [Photo album]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/time/photos/?tab=album&album_id= 10152029513376491 Italicise the title of the album. |
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| Reports & standards |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Annual report – print | . . . (World Vision Australia, 2015). | World Vision Australia. (2015). Annual report 2015. Burwood East, Australia: Author. If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. |
| Annual report – online | . . . (World Vision Australia, 2015). | World Vision Australia. (2015). Annual report 2015. Retrieved from https://www.worldvision.com.au/docs/default-source/annual-reports/wv annual-reports/annual-report-2015-v2.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |
| Authored report, nongovernmental organisation e.g. IBIS world/ Euromonitor International |
Richardson (2016) claimed . . . If the analyst’s name is not available, use the database details. |
Richardson, A. (2016, February). Biscuit manufacturing in Australia (IBIS World Industry Report C1173). Retrieved from www.ibisworld.com.au |
| Government report – |
. . . (Australian Government Department of Education and Training, 2014). |
Australian Government Department of Education and Training. (2014). Higher education report 2011-2013. Canberra, Australia: Author. If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. |
| Government report – online |
. . . (Australian Government Department of Education and Training, 2014). |
Australian Government Department of Education and Training. (2014). Higher education report 2011-2013. Retrieved from https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/higher_ education_report_2011-2013_final_web.pdf |
| Standard – print | . . . (Standards Australia, 1994). | Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to intermediate system routing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (AS/NZS 3651:1994). Homebush, Australia: Author. |
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| If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. If a number is assigned to the publication, write that number in parentheses immediately after the title. |
||
| Standard – online | . . . (Standards Australia, 1994). | Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to intermediate system routing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (AS/NZS 3651:1994). Retrieved from https://www.saiglobal.com/PDFTemp/Previews/OSH/As /as3000/3600/3651.PDF |
| Personal communications |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| An email (S. Johnson, personal communication, August 12, 2016) confirmed . . . |
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. | |
| Interview | The company’s CEO confirmed during an interview that . . . (C. Castillo, personal communication, May 11, 2015). OR During an interview, CEO Christian Castillo stated that “profits have . . .” (personal communication, May 11, 2015). |
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. |
| Letter | His gratitude was evident in a letter (B. Thompson, personal communication, January 1, 2016) |
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. |
| Telephone call | The President’s statement was confirmed during a phone interview (K. Nott, personal communication, May 31, 2016) OR During a phone interview conducted on May 31, 2016, President Kathryn Nott stated that . . . |
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. |
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| Lecture notes & class handouts |
In-text example ! NB. Check with your lecturer before referencing lecture notes. You may need to refer to primary sources. |
Reference list example |
| Class handouts | . . . (Reed, 2012, p. 14). | Reed, M. (2012, February 20). Human development [Lecture notes]. Copy in possession of JNI, Sydney, Australia. |
| Lecture notes – print | . . . (Jones, 2016). | Jones, L. (2016). CAM102A: Calendula [Class handout]. Southern School of Natural Therapies, Fitzroy, Australia. |
| Lecture notes – online | . . . (Jacobs, 2015). | Jacobs, P. (2015). CAM102A: Botany, week 2 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://laureate-au.blackboard.com/ |
| Notes taken during class | Notes taken in class should be considered ‘personal communication’. It is reported that . . . (A. Harman, personal communication, July 13, 2016). |
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. |
| Variations | In-text example | Reference list example |
| Author : single name | Sushil (2018, p. 188) confirmed that . . . | Sushil. (2018). Managing lifetime wastivity. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 19(3), 187-189. https: doi.org/10.1007/s40171-018- 0194-8 |
| Publication date unavailable |
Van Doorn (n.d., p. 200) described Weesp as a city . . . | If no date is available, write n.d. in the parentheses. Van Doorn, H. H. (n.d.). Over the Vecht. Schiedam, The Netherlands: Scriptum Publishers. |
| Secondary reference (A work cited in another source) |
Therapeutic massage is . . . (Anderson & Ramsdale, 2004, as cited in Buller, 2006, p. 77). |
Buller, M. (2006). Massage techniques. Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books. Provide the details of the reference from where you sourced the information (place not available). |
| Multiple works (different authors) in the same citation |
Order the citations alphabetically by the first author’s surname. Separate the citations with semi-colons. Research shows that by evaluating data and then improving some aspect of knowledge or practice . . . (Merriam-Webster, 2014; Zickmund, 2000) Note that page numbers are not required, as no (in-) direct quotation is made and reference is to the overall idea. |
All authors’ name and full reference details need to be provided individually in alphabetical order in the reference list. |
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| Multiple works by the same author and date |
To distinguish between the different works add a lower case letter to the year beginning with a then b then c and so on. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list. In his first study Hoffman, (1998a, p. 74) found this to be true. However, other studies (Hoffman, 1998b, p. 23) contradicted . . . |
Hoffman, K. (1998a). Health science. New York, NY: Elsevier. Hoffman, K. (1998b). Research in health science. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Order alphabetically by title, and then assign suffixes a, b, c etc. |
| Multiple works by the same author with different years |
Give the name of the author(s) followed by the years of their studies in chronological order, separated by commas. Studies on acupuncture (Deadman, 1998, p. 78, 2007, p. 90) have shown . . . |
Deadman, P. (1998). A manual of acupuncture. Hove, Great Britain: Journal of Chinese Medicine Publications. Deadman, P. (2007). A manual of acupuncture. Hove, Great Britain: Journal of Chinese Medicine Publications. Order chronologically in the reference list. Note that the Journal is the publisher in the above examples. |
| Multiple works with same first author but different second or third authors |
First in-text citation: (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, Goldstein, & Gigerenzer, 2010) Subsequent citations: Normally we would then abbreviate these two studies to the first name and ‘et al.’. However, this would result in two identical citations – (Marewski, 2010), so write out as many names as necessary to distinguish between the two, e.g. (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010) |
Arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on: Marewski, J. M., Gaissmaier, W., & Gigerenzer, G. (2010). Good judgements do not require complex cognition. Cognitive Processing, 11, 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0337-0 Marewski, J. M., Gaissmaier, W., Schooler, L. J., Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. (2010). From recognition to decisions: Extending and testing recognition-based models for multi-alternative inference. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 287-309. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.3.287 |
| Multiple works with different authors but the same surname |
Include the first initial in all in-text citations (even if the year of publication is different) to avoid confusion. . . . (I. Light, 2006). OR A study by I. Light (2006), . . . If the authors share the same surname and initial, provide the given name e.g. . . . (Paul Smith, 2015; Peter Smith, 2013). |
Arrange works alphabetically by first initial. Light, I. (2006). Deflecting immigration: Networks, markets, and regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Light, M. A., & Light, I. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implication for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8, 73-82. If the authors share the same surname and initial, provide the given name in square brackets e.g.: |
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| Smith, P. [Paul]. (2015). Melbourne dines. Ascot Vale, Australia: Dunlop Printing House. |
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| Direct quotations (or paraphrases) with no page number |
See ‘e-book (no page numbers)’ example. | See relevant entry for book, report etc. |
| Translated works | Tzu (2003, p. 61) claimed that . . . | Tzu, L. (2003). Tao The Ching (J. Wu, Trans.). Boston, MA: Shambhala. Mention the translator after the title, along with the abbreviation ‘Trans.’ |
| Foreign works in Latin scripts |
Check with your lecturer if you can use foreign works first. . . . (Janzen & Hawlik, 2005). |
Follow the basic APA rules for a book, journal etc. Include an English translation of the title only in square brackets. Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005). Orientierung im Raum: Befunde zu Entscheidungspunkten [Orientation in space: Findings about decision points]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 213(4), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1026/0044-3409.213.4.179 |
| Foreign works in a non Latin script (e.g. Chinese, Japanese, Russian, etc.) |
Check with your lecturer if you can use foreign works first. . . . (Motoki & Kurosawa, 1954). . . . (Najm, 1966). |
Names should be transliterated (converted) to a Latin script. Titles should be transliterated and translated to English. Motoki, S. (Producer), & Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai; motion picture]. Japan: Toho. Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Thaqafah. |
| Reprinted book | Cite both the original publication year and recent publication year. . . . (Smith, 1793/1976). |
Smith, A. (1976). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press. (Original work published 1793) |
| Multi-media | In-text example | Reference list example |
| YouTube (or other streaming video) |
(Khan Academy, 2016). See ‘Direct quotations from audio-visual material – timestamp’ for quotes/paraphrased material |
Khan Academy (2016, July 14). Brexit and European Union primer [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbIgkcIfg0E |
| Motion picture | . . . (Spurlock, 2004). | Spurlock, M. (Producer & Director). (2004). Super size me [Motion picture]. New York, NY: Fortissimo Films. |
| DVD | . . . (Clarke, 2003). | Clarke, P. (Executive Producer), & Appel, G. (DVD Producer). (2003). Love is in the air [DVD]. Sydney, Australia: ABC. |
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| Television series | . . . (Kring, 2008). | Kring, T. (Producer). (2008). Heroes [Television series]. Melbourne, Australia: Seven Corporation. |
| Television series – episode |
. . . (Davies & Walsh, 2011). | Davies, A. (Screenwriter), & Walsh, D. (Director). (2011, June 23). Episode 1 [Television series episode]. In G. Riley & J. Turner (Producers). Little Dorrit. England: BBC. |
| Radio program | . . . (Williams & Vaux, 2009). | Williams, R. (Presenter) & Vaux, D. (Guest). (2009, December 20). A short history of cell deaths. [Radio broadcast]. In B. Seega (Producer), Ockham’s razor. Sydney, Australia: ABC Radio National. |
| Radio program transcript |
. . . (Smith, 1996). | Smith, H. (1996). Medicine in Chaucer’s time. Ockham’s Razer, ABC Radio National transcripts. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or110896.htm |
| Direct quotations from audio-visual material – timestamp |
For a quote, include a timestamp (in lieu of page numbers) to direct the reader to a specific point in the audio/video. Use the format HH:MM:SS. In the example below, the time refers to 17 seconds. Acceleration is the “change in velocity over time” (Khan Academy, 2011, 0:17). You can also include a timestamp for paraphrased material. |
Khan Academy. (2011, June 13). Acceleration: One-dimensional motion [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOkQszg1-j8 |
| Podcasts (audio or video) |
. . . (Van Nuys, 2007). . . . (Chesney, 2007). |
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ Write [Video podcast] for video files. For a podcast with a writer/presenter and a podcast number: Chesney, M. (2007, September 13). Gender differences in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (No. 12827) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from University of California Television website: http://www.uctv.tv/ondemand Use the homepage URL rather than the full URL. |
| Apps | . . . (Thierault, 2016). | Rightsholder, A. A. (year). Title of Software or Program (Version number) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx Thierault, A. (2016). Brain focus productivity timer (Version 2.7) [Mobile application |
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| software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.AT.PomodoroTimer&hl= en |
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| Music recording – song from CD |
The heartfelt song “Born to try” debuted at number three (Goodrem, 2003, track 1). . . . (Lavin, 2003). |
If the composer and recording artist are the same: Goodrem, D. (2003). Born to try. On Innocent Eyes [CD]. New York, NY: Epic Records. If the composer and recording artist are different: Lavin, C. (2003). A Christmas/Kwanzaa/Solstice/Chanukah/ Ramadan/Boxing Day song [Recorded by C. Lavin & the Mistletones]. On The runaway Christmas tree [CD]. West Chester, PA: Appleseed Recordings. Note the album title is italicised (not the song title). |
| Music recording – whole album (CD) |
. . . (Goodrem, 2003). | Goodrem, D. (2003). Born to try [CD]. New York, NY: Epic Records. |
| Music recording – song retrieved online |
. . . (Timberlake, 2016). | Timberlake, J., Martin, M., & Shellback. (2016). Can’t stop the feeling [Recorded by J. Timberlake]. On Trolls: Original motion picture soundtrack [MP3]. Retrieved from https://itunes.apple.com Note: Shellback is a single name. |
| CD-ROM | . . . (Maciocia, 2005). | Maciocia, G. (2005). The foundations of Chinese medicine [CD-ROM]. Beijing, China: Elsevier. |
| Legislation & cases |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Acts and Bills | According to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld). . . The Copyright Act 1968 prohibits . . . |
General form for Acts: Short Title of the Act in italics Year in italics (Jurisdiction abbreviation) subdivision if relevant (Country abbreviation). Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (AU.). Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (AU.). |
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| Acts and Bills – Online | According to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld). . . | Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (AU.). Retrieved from https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/legisltn/current/a/antidiscrima91.pdf |
| Cases | In the land rights case Mabo v. Queensland (1998). . . OR . . . in a famous land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland, 1998). |
General form for cases: Name v. name in italics Year Volume number Reporter abbreviation First page number (Country abbreviation). Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (AU). |
The above examples are for Australian jurisdictions only. For more information, refer to:
| |
APA Publication Manual (6th ed.) Appendix 7.1: References to Legal Materials (pp. 216 – 224) and/or The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (20th ed.). (2015). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association. |
| Figures (incl. images) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| NOTE: A figure may be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or other illustration. | ||
| Artwork viewed in person |
Figure 1. Christina’s world, tempera on panel (Wyeth, 1948) |
Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art. Include a description of the work of art (e.g. sculpture, painting) in square brackets. |
| Artwork viewed online |
Figure 1. Christina’s world, tempera on panel (Wyeth, 1948) |
Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Image of painting]. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/explore/collection/index |
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| In the caption include details you consider relevant e.g. title and medium |
||
| Artwork viewed in a book |
Include the page number Figure 2. Manet, River at Argenteuil, 1874 (Pool, 1973, p. 134) In the caption include details you consider relevant e.g. title, artist, medium |
The reference entry is that of the book Pool, P. (1973). Impressionism. London, United Kingdom: Thames & Hudson. |
| Image from a website |
Figure 3. Piriformis stretch (The Daily Bandha, 2010) |
The Daily Bandha. (2010). Piriformis stretching in supta padangusthasana [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.dailybandha.com/2013/12/healing-with-yoga-piriformis-syndrome.html |
| Image from a website – no author and no date |
Figure 4. Visualisation during pelvic floor exercises (“Radiating ripples”, n.d.) |
Radiating ripples [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/10.htm Move the image title to the start of the reference. n.d. = no date. If there is no title, write a brief description of the image. |
| Image from Google images |
Go to the original source by selecting the image and then clicking ‘Visit page’. Then follow the format above for images from a website. |
Follow the format above for images from a website. |
| Image from Google Maps |
. . . (Google, 2015). | Google. (2015). Tin Can Bay QLD 4580 [Map]. Retrieved from http://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=tin+can+bay&hl=en&sll=- 37.817178,144.96124&sspn=0.076889,0.110378&hnear=Tin+Can+Bay+Queensland&t=m&z=11 |
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| Image from a book (or journal article) |
Include the page number in the in-text citation Figure 5. Important childhood micronutrients (Insel, Turner, & Ross, 2007, p. 689) |
Insel, P., Turner, R. E., & Ross, D. (2007). Nutrition (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. |
| Unpublished – in a personal collection i.e. you created the figure and it is not published |
Figure 6. Hot pot, Chiang Rai, 2015 (Personal collection) |
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list as the work has not been published. |
| Image with approximate date |
Figure 7. Mona Lisa (Da Vinci, [ca. 1503]). | Da Vinci, L. [ca. 1503]. Mona Lisa [Image of painting]. Retrieved from http://www.louvre.fr/en/mediaimages/portrait-de-lisa-gherardini-epouse-de-francesco del-giocondo-dite-monna-lisa-la-gioconda ca. (meaning circa) written before the year, and square brackets used instead of round brackets. |
| Figure (graph) – reprinted from a journal |
Figure 8. Functions of Japanese | Leeming, P. (2011). Japanese high school students’ use of L1 during pair-work. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(3), 360-382. The reference entry is that of a journal – hard copy. |
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| Note. Reprinted from “Japanese high school students’ use of L1 during pair work”, by P. Leeming, 2011, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(3), p. 368. Copyright 2011 by the International Journal of Applied Linguistics. |
| Note: If the figure requires further explanation, put the figure number at the top and include the ‘Note’; this functions as a legend, immediately beneath the figure. |
| Tables | In-text example | Reference list example |
| Note: Any illustration other than a table should be indicated as a figure. | ||
| Table/graph – book (reprinted) |
Table 1 Daily dosage of chromium DAILY DOSAGERDA Adults 0 – 0 0 μg/dayInfants 10-40 μg/daySR 100-300 μg/dayDeficiency limits<30 μgNote. Reprinted from The nutrient bible (8th ed., p. 135), by H. Osiecki, 2010, Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. Copyright 2010 by Bio Concepts Publishing. |
Osiecki, H. (2010). The nutrient bible (8th ed.). Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. The reference entry is that of the book. |
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| Table/graph – book (adapted) |
Table 2 Daily adult dosage of chromium DAILY DOSAGERDA Adults 50-200 μg/daySR 100-300 μg/dayDeficiency limits<30 μgNote. Adapted from The nutrient bible (8th ed., p. 135), by H. Osiecki, 2010, Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. Copyright 2010 by Bio Concepts Publishing. |
Osiecki, H. (2010). The nutrient bible (8th ed.). Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. The reference entry is that of the book. |
| Table – website (reprinted) |
Table 3 Oldest populations in Australia 2015 Note. Reprinted from “Australia growing greyer”, by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, (http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/ mediareleasesbyCatalogue/72D4A8F0C7957E85CA25 7A6A0012F5A0?OpenDocument). In the public domain. |
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Australia going greyer. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/ mediareleasesbyCatalogue/72D4A8F0C7957E85CA25 7A6A0012F5A0?OpenDocument The reference entry is that of the website. |
| Table presenting information from multiple sources |
Table 4 Sample reponses to the ROLNOW Survey |
Reference the sources as you normally would in the reference list (alphabetically). |
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References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association
American Psychological Association. (2013). What is a digital object identifier, or DOI? Retrieved from
http://apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx
The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (20th ed.). (2015). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review
Association.
Board of Studies Teaching and Education Standards NSW. (n.d.). A glossary of key words. Retrieved
from http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hsc/glossary_keywords.html
Cottrell, S. (2008). The study skills handbook. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan
Jordan, R. R. (1992). Academic writing course. London, United Kingdom: Nelson ELT
Laureate Universities Australia. (n.d.). Text types and their uses. Retrieved from https://laureateau.blackboard.com/webapps/blackboard/
Reinders, H., Moore, N., & Lewis, M. (2008). The international student handbook. Hampshire, United
Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan
World Health Organization. (2016). Hepatitis C. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/
Please note that in APA 6th edition referencing, the word ‘References’ is the header for the
reference list and is placed centre page; refer to page 23 for more information about the
reference list.
In addition, minor words like ‘The’ in the title are ignored when alphabetising the references
(see The Bluebook reference).
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Appendix A. Two letter USA state codes
| State or Territory | State or Territory | ||
| Alabama | AL | Nevada | NV |
| Alaska | AK | New Hampshire | NH |
| Arizona | AZ | New Jersey | NJ |
| Arkansas | AR | New Mexico | NM |
| California | CA | New York | NY |
| Colorado | CO | North Carolina | NC |
| Connecticut | CT | North Dakota | ND |
| Delaware | DE | Ohio | OH |
| District of Colombia | DC | Oklahoma | OK |
| Florida | FL | Oregon | OR |
| Georgia | GA | Pennsylvania | PA |
| Hawaii | HI | Rhode Island | RI |
| Idaho | ID | South Carolina | SC |
| Illinois | IL | South Dakota | SD |
| Indiana | IN | Tennessee | TN |
| Iowa | IA | Texas | TX |
| Kansas | KS | Utah | UT |
| Kentucky | KY | Vermont | VT |
| Louisiana | LA | Virginia | VA |
| Maine | ME | Washington | WA |
| Maryland | MD | West Virginia | WV |
| Massachusetts | MA | Wisconsin | WI |
| Michigan | MI | Wyoming | WY |
| Minnesota | MN | American Samoa | AS |
| Mississippi | MS | Guam | GU |
| Missouri | MO | Northern Mariana Islands | MP |
| Montana | MT | Puerto Rico | PR |
| Nebraska | NE | Virgin Islands | VI |
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Appendix B. Referencing Tools
Some tools and resources which may help you with referencing are listed below.
Please make sure to always check your work against this Academic Writing Guide before
submitting as some tools are more accurate than others.
APA style formatting examples on the internet:
www.apastyle.org
http://blog.apastyle.org
APA 6th edition is a well-recognised style, and is included in most referencing tracking software
applications.
Examples:
www.stylewizard.com/apa6index.html
www.zotero.org
www.mendeley.com
www.citeulike.com
There are also online tools such as reference generators which can simplify the creation of your
reference list (once again, check your course’s guidelines before submitting your work):
www.bibme.org
https://reffor.us/
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Inbuilt citation makers
Many programs now have inbuilt citation makers to simplify referencing, but note to always double
check against this Academic Writing Guide, as many contain mistakes.
Major library catalogues – search for the book in the catalogue, then search for a ‘citation’ function
option:
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