KN Simon
Basic Diagnostic Test Grid Name_olatunde akano________________________ Instructions: Complete Gray Boxes and Highlighted Areas. Submit to the Canvas Dropbox
Name of TestTest TypeNormal Adult FindingsIndications for TestInterfering Factors & ContraindicationsDefinition & Clinical Significance of FindingsRBC Red blood cells A normal RBC IS a biconcave disk which provides more surface area to carry oxygen. It is flexible so it can pass easily through capillaries. The membrane is so thin that gases such as O2 and Co2 can easily diffuse across it. _________________________________________ Significance of Findings: Hgb Hemoglobin Pregnancy, smoking, high altitudes, certain medicationsHemoglobin is synthesized in the RBC and this is dependent on the amount of iron available. When the RBC is being manufactured in the marrow it incorporates the iron to form hemoglobin. Significance of Findings: Hct Hematocrit Anemia Bleeding Bleeding disorder Fluid imbalancesAbnormalities in RBC size may alter Hct values. Dehydration Pregnancy Women tend to have lower values than men.Percent of RBC’s to volume of whole blood, hemoglobin concentration is usually 1/3 of the hematocrit __________________________________________ Significance of Findings: (+) heart disease, dehydration, COPD, erythrocytosis, polycythemia (-) anemia, cirrhosis, hemorrhage, dietary deficiency Name of TestTest TypeNormal Adult FindingsIndications for TestInterfering Factors & ContraindicationsDefinition & Clinical Significance of FindingsWBC c diff. White blood cells (see below) BLOOD 5000-1000 Routine labs, infection Neoplasm, allergy, Immunosuppression These cells respond to acute inflammation, bacterial infections and necrosis, they are the first responders to a bacterial infection. Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) – % segs + % bands x total WBC. Neutropenia = ANC less than 1000 ______________________________________ Significance of Findings: Higher WBC count may indicate infection, leukemia, trauma to tissue. Lower WBC count may indicate bone marrow depression, viral infection, bone marrow disorders & iron def. anemia. NeutrophilsBLOOD 2500-8000Routine labs, infection Neoplasm, allergy, Immunosuppression 60-70% of total # of WBC’S they are the first to arrive to the site of need. Primary job is phagocytosis (ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles) __________________________________________ Significance of Findings: LymphocytesBLOOD Routine labs, infection Neoplasm, allergy, Immunosuppression Nongranular WBC’S- they include- B cells – antibody formation & production, T cells – Cell mediated immunity process. Killer cells, suppressor cells, and helper cells Significance of Findings: Name of TestTest TypeNormal Adult FindingsIndications for TestInterfering Factors & ContraindicationsDefinition & Clinical Significance of FindingsMonocytesBLOOD Routine labs, infection Neoplasm, allergy, Immunosuppression Nongranular WBC’S – Chronic inflammation -second to arrive on the scene regarding infection and increase in number within 24- 48 hours. Monocytes mature into macrophages in the tissues. Macrophages can surround and wall-off area of inflammation as seen in TB. __________________________________________ Significance of Findings: EosinophilsBLOOD Routine labs, infection Neoplasm, allergy, Immunosuppression Respond to allergies and parasites. Primarily attracted to the site of antigen- antibody formation, rather than to bacterial invasions. Increase drastically during hypersentivity responses and parasite infestation. ___________________________________________ Significance of Findings: BasophilsBLOOD Routine labs, infection Neoplasm, allergy, Immunosuppression Basophils become mast cells in the tissues less than 1% of WBC Respond to allergies, anaphylaxis and inflammation & contain histamine, heparin and serotonin Significance of Findings:
Name of TestTest TypeNormal Adult FindingsIndications for TestInterfering Factors & ContraindicationsClinical Significance of FindingsPlatelet Count Minor bleeding is associated with platelet counts below 50,000 per microliter of blood & serious bleeding, a count less than 20,000. Platelets, which are also called thrombocytes, are small disk-shaped blood cells produced in the bone marrow and involved in the process of blood clotting. Significance of Findings: CXR Chest x-ray Chest Pain Fever Persistent cough Shortness of Breath Air shows black on x-ray. Fluid, dense tissue and bone show as white. Significance of Findings: UA Urinalysis (see below) URINE Routine, kidney evaluation, hematuria, dysuria, back pain, chronic renal disease, metabolic disease, pre-surgical An array of tests performed on urine, and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis.Appearance Color OdorClear Amber yellow aromaticStored urine- may change clear to cloudySignificance of Findings: Abnormal- cloudy urine- Indicates possible presence of WBC’s, epithelial cells, crystals or bacteriapH Significance of Findings: Protein Significance of Findings: Specific gravity 1.005-1.030 Significance of Findings: Ketones Normal product of fat metabolism Increased amounts seen in diabetes or starvation. ————————————————– Significance of Findings: Glucose Significance of Findings: WBCs Significance of Findings: RBCs Significance of Findings: Presence of a few is normal (2-5 cells/HPF) Higher- indicator of renal disease or the result of bleeding Crystals Significance of Findings: Casts Significance of Findings: Urinary casts may be made up of white blood cells, red blood cells, kidney cells, or substances such as protein or fat. They are present in the urine in certain disease states (kidney disease)C&S – Urine Culture & sensitivitymicroscopic Significance of Findings: A microscopic study of the urine culture performed to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria in patients with suspected urinary tract infection. Lactic AcidBloodVenous blood: 5-20 mg/dL Arterial blood: 3-7 mg/dL Use of tourniquet or clenching hands Vigorous exercise Certain medications SodiumBlood135-145 mEq/LTo evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance One of the tests automatically performed when serum electrolytes are requested Significance of Findings: PotassiumBlood Evaluated for any patient with any type of serious illness Part of a complete routine evaluation for all patients, but especially for patients with cardiac history Significance of Findings: Calcium
Blood To evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism MagnesiumBlood To identify magnesium deficiency or overload
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