External validity

a. How could you use the three types of multiple-baseline designs (i.e., across behaviors, participants, and settings) to examine the effectiveness of using study guides? Explain.

b. For each of the multiple-baseline designs in Question 1, draw a graph with fictitious data showing that study guides are effective.

c. Why would you use a multiple-baseline design rather than a withdrawal design? In your answer, describe advantages and disadvantages of multiple-baseline and withdrawal designs.

d. How is experimental control achieved with a multiple-baseline design?

e. How can you establish external validity with multiple-baseline designs?

f. All things being equal, are multiple-baseline designs as strong experimentally (i.e., controlling for threats to internal validity) as withdrawal designs? Why or why not?

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