Provide a brief (100-250 words)
➤ Introduce the research Problem
➤ Construction of objectives and scope of the research
➤ Research questions and argument
➤ Results and findings
➤ Conclusion and a concise outline of its significance 
Statement to generate interest
Relevant background information
Definition of key terms
Main purpose/argument of the paper
Mention of mainly referenced authors
Indication of results and arguments
The structure/organisation of the paper
Shares the result of other related studies
Relates the study to an ongoing discussion
Finding gaps in the previous literature
Explains why the study is important
It should not be a long list of bibliographic references only
Writing Results/Findings
❖ Analyze your findings to see if it answers your research questions and finds a
solution to your problem statement.
❖ At this stage you have proved or disproved your problem statement and research
questions
❖ At this juncture you anticipated your results
❖ You have to declare your findings with text, table, graphs, chart etc.
❖ Your results might be negative or positive. Even though it is a negative finding,
still is a significant contribution to the existing knowledge.
❖ It is better not to use I/we found that———-use this research found that or this
study has investigated
❖ Do not forget to report your results in the present form because it sounds
soothing and original. Example: The interviews indicate that…….result shows 
Do not use your primary data, but you need to refer your results/
findings in discussion
• Compare your findings with other findings/ literature
• Use your own interpretations
• You have to illustrate your findings with evidence so that your
problem statement and questions are answered clearly.
• In discussion, you interpret your results and bridge the gap that
you promised to do when formulating your Hypothesis.
• Revisit your hypothesis/propositions/arguments
• Explain in plain English what we understand now that we did not
understand before.
Writing a conclusion is as difficult as writing your abstract and introduction.
❖ One big difference between your introduction and conclusion is that in introduction
you pose questions to your audience while in conclusion you answer those
questions.
❖ However, one must remember that a conclusion is not a summary of your
introduction even though a paragraph may be the summary of the whole paper.
❖ Discuss and reason about the significant contribution of your research and argue
that you have solved a major problem if not it would have continued in the future.
• Discuss the methodological and theoretical contribution.
• State the practical and/or theoretical importance of the problem and/or objectives
of your study.
• Explain the usefulness or benefits of the study to both the outside world and the
research community.