Psychological science

Milgram’s (1963) research on obedience to authority was harshly criticized by a number of psychologists. One of the most vocal critics, Baumrind (1964), argued that the long-term, psychological risk to participants outweighed any potential contribution to psychological science. Milgram conducted follow-up sessions (immediate and 1 year later) to determine whether participants had suffered any long-term, negative effects from their participation in his obedience experiments. This follow-up included self-report questionnaires and verbal reports to a psychiatrist. Given the dubious validity of verbal and self-reports, what would you do to determine whether a person has incurred long-term, negative effects from participating in an obedience study such as Milgram’s?